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This document outlines some example flows leveraging packet forward middleware and formats of the memo field.

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Example Scenarios

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Successful Transfer forwarding through chain B

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Memo for simple forward

  • The packet-forward-middleware integrated on Chain B.
  • The packet data receiver for the MsgTransfer on Chain A is set to "pfm" or some other invalid bech32 string.*
  • The packet memo is included in MsgTransfer by user on Chain A.
{
  "forward": {
    "receiver": "chain-c-bech32-address",
    "port": "transfer",
    "channel": "channel-123"
  }
}

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Error on Forwarding Hop, Refund to A

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Forwarding with Retry and Timeout Logic

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A -> B -> C full success

  1. A This sends packet over underlying ICS-004 wrapper with memo as is.
  2. B This receives packet and parses it into ICS-020 packet.
  3. B Validates forward packet on this step, return ACK error if fails.
  4. B If other middleware not yet called ICS-020, call it and ACK error on fail. Tokens minted or unescrowed here.
  5. B Handle denom. If denom prefix is from B, remove it. If denom prefix is other chain - add B prefix.
  6. B Take fee, create new ICS-004 packet with timeout from forward for next step, and remaining inner memo.
  7. B Send transfer to C with parameters obtained from memo. Tokens burnt or escrowed here.
  8. B Store tracking in flight packet under next (channel, port, ICS-20 transfer sequence), do not ACK packet yet.
  9. C Handle ICS-020 packet as usual.
  10. B On ICS-020 ACK from C find in flight packet, delete it and write ACK for original packet from A.
  11. A Handle ICS-020 ACK as usual
Example of USDC transfer from Osmosis -> Noble -> Sei

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A -> B -> C with C error ACK

  1. B On ICS-020 ACK from C find in flight packet, delete it
  2. B Burns or escrows tokens.
  3. B And write error ACK for original packet from A.
  4. A Handle ICS-020 timeout as usual
  5. C writes success ACK for packet from B
Same behavior in case of timeout on C

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A packet timeouts on B before C timeouts packet from B

  1. A Cannot timeout because in flight packet has proof on B of packet inclusion.
  2. B waits for ACK or timeout from C.
  3. B timeout from C becomes fail ACK on B for A
  4. A receives success or fail ACK, but not timeout
In this case A assets hang until final hop timeouts or ACK.

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Memo for Retry and Timeout Logic, with Nested Memo (2 forwards)

  • The packet-forward-middleware integrated on Chain B and Chain C.
  • The packet data receiver for the MsgTransfer on Chain A is set to "pfm" or some other invalid bech32 string.
  • The forward metadata receiver for the hop from Chain B to Chain C is set to "pfm" or some other invalid bech32 string.
  • The packet memo is included in MsgTransfer by user on Chain A.
  • A packet timeout of 10 minutes and 2 retries is set for both forwards.
In the case of a timeout after 10 minutes for either forward, the packet would be retried up to 2 times, afterwards an error ack would be written to issue a refund on the prior chain. next is the memo to pass for the next transfer hop. Per memo intended usage of a JSON string, it should be either JSON which will be Marshaled retaining key order, or an escaped JSON string which will be passed directly. next as JSON 
{
  "forward": {
  "receiver": "pfm", / intentionally invalid
    "port": "transfer",
  "channel": "channel-123",
  "timeout": "10m",
  "retries": 2,
    "next": {
  "forward": {
  "receiver": "chain-d-bech32-address",
  "port": "transfer",
  "channel": "channel-234",
  "timeout": "10m",
  "retries": 2
      }
    }
  }
}

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Intermediate Address Security

Intermediate chains don’t need a valid receiver address. Instead, they derive a secure address from the packet’s sender and channel, preventing users from forwarding tokens to arbitrary accounts. To avoid accidental transfers to chains without PFM, use an invalid bech32 address (e.g., “pfm”) for intermediate receivers.